# Definition 定义

# Cost 成本

Dictionary.com

…the price paid to acquire, produce, accomplish, or maintain anything
为获得，生产，完成或维护任何东西而付出的代价

# Profit 利润

google dictionary

…a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
经济收益，尤其是所赚取的金额与购买，经营或生产某种东西所花费的金额之间的差额

# Direct Cost 直接成本

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/directcost.asp

A direct cost is a price that can be directly tied to the production of specific goods or services.
直接成本是可以直接与特定商品或服务的生产联系在一起的价格。
A direct cost can be traced to the cost object, which can be a service, product, or department.
可以将直接成本追溯到成本对象，该成本对象可以是服务，产品或部门。
Direct and indirect costs are the two major types of expenses or costs that companies can incur.
直接成本和间接成本是公司可能产生的两种主要支出或成本类型。
Direct costs are often variable costs, meaning they fluctuate with production levels such as inventory.
直接成本通常是可变成本，这意味着它们会随着生产水平（例如库存）而波动。

# Indirect Costs 间接成本

https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-are-indirect-costs.html

Indirect costs are costs used by multiple activities, and which cannot therefore be assigned to specific cost objects.
间接成本是多个活动使用的成本，因此不能分配给特定成本对象。
Examples of cost objects are products, services, geographical regions, distribution channels, and customers.
成本对象的示例是产品，服务，地理区域，分销渠道和客户。
Instead, indirect costs are needed to operate the business as a whole.
取而代之的是，需要间接成本来运营整个业务。
It is useful to identify indirect costs, so that they can be excluded from short-term pricing decisions where management wants to set prices just above the variable costs of products.
识别间接成本非常有用，这样在管理层希望将价格定在产品可变成本之上的情况下，可以将其从短期定价决策中排除。

# Capital Expense 资本支出

https://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/capital-expenditure-revenue-expenditure

“A capital expenditure is an amount spent to acquire or significantly improve the capacity or capabilities of a long-term asset such as equipment or buildings. … The asset's cost (except for the cost of land) will then be (depreciated) over the ‘useful life’ of the asset. “
资本支出是指用于获取或显着提高诸如设备或建筑物之类的长期资产的能力的金额。
…… 资产的成本（土地成本除外）将在资产的 “使用寿命” 内折旧（折旧）。

Tax regulations determine the “useful life”.
税收规定决定了 “使用寿命”

# Revenue Expenditure 收入支出

https://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/capital-expenditure-revenue-expenditure

A revenue expenditure is an amount that is spent for an expense that will be matched immediately with the revenues reported on the current period's income statement.
收入支出是用于支出的金额，该支出将立即与当期损益表中报告的收入匹配。

…. and deducted immediately, for full value on taxes. Contrast to Capital Expense.
并立即扣除，以获得全部税额。与资本支出相反。

Capital Expense vs. Revenue expenditure
Always have your knowledgeable accountant help you with this as people can go to jail over stating a capital expense incorrectly as a revenue expenditure.
始终请知识渊博的会计师为您提供帮助，因为人们可能会因为将资本支出错误地表述为收入支出而入狱。

# Project cost management 项目成本管理

# includes the processes involved in… 涉及的流程

p. 231

….Planning, estimating, budgeting, financing, funding, managing, and controlling costs to that the project can be completed within the approved budget.
可以在批准的预算范围内完成项目的计划，估算，预算，融资，资金，管理和控制成本。

# is primarily concerned with… 主要关注

p. 233

“the cost of the resources needed to compete project activities.”
“参与项目活动所需的资源成本。”

# Considerations include… 考虑因素包括

p. 233

Maintaining & supporting the product or service
维护和支持产品或服务

# In Agile… 在敏捷中

p. 234

Detail estimates, when needed, are typically created just in time (at the last minute.)
在需要时，通常会及时（在最后一分钟）创建详细估计。

# Plan cost management 计划成本管理

p. 235 - 236

What it is 它是什么

the “definition (as to) how project costs will be estimated, budgeted, monitored, and controlled.
“（如何）定义，估计，预算，监视和控制项目成本的定义。”

The Benefit is 好处是

guidance as to how cost will be managed throughout the project.
在整个项目中如何管理成本的指南。

• “The project charter provides the pre-approved financial resources from which the detailed costs are developed.”
  “项目章程提供了预先批准的财务资源，从中可以得出详细的成本。”

# Factors 因素

p. 236-237

• Organizational culture
  组织文化
• Market conditions
  市场状况
• Currency exchange rates
  货币汇率
• Productivity differences in different parts of the world
  世界不同地区的生产力差异

# Expert judgment in cost 成本方面的专家判断

p. 237

• Previous or similar projects
  先前或类似的项目
• Information in the industry, discipline, and application area
  行业，学科和应用领域中的信息
• Cost estimating and budgeting
  成本估算和预算
• Earned value management
  挣值管理

# Data Analysis 数据分析

p. 238

# funding options 资金选择

• Self-funding
  自资
• Funding with equity
  股权融资
• Funding with debt
  债务融资
  • Borrow $ from the bank
    从银行借钱
  • Issue bonds
    发行债券

# ways to acquire project resources 获取项目资源的方式

• Making 制作
• Purchasing 购买
• Renting/leasing 出租 / 租赁

# Accuracy 准确性

Acceptable range of estimates (e.g. +/- 10%)
可接受的估算范围（例如 +/- 10％）

# Cost estimate 成本估算

p. 241

# defined 定义

“A quantitative assessment of the likely costs for resources required to complete the activity. It is a prediction that is based on the information that is available at a given point in time.”
完成活动所需资源的可能成本的定量评估。这是基于给定时间点可用信息的预测。

# should consider

• Alternatives
  备择方案
• Trade-offs
  权衡取舍
• Risks
  风险性

Generally expressed in currency amount (USD, rupees, yen, euros, etc.)
通常以货币金额（美元，卢比，日元，欧元等）表示

# will…

• Typically improve as the project continues (-25% to +75% => -5% to +10%)
  通常随着项目的进行而改善（-25％至 + 75％=> -5％至 + 10％）
• The expectation of the level of accuracy will tend to become more exacting
  对准确性水平的期望将趋于更加严格

# types include … 类型包括……

• Labor 劳动
• Materials 材料
• Equipment 设备
• Services 服务
• Facilities 设施
• Inflation allowance 通货膨胀津贴
• Cost of financing 融资成本
• Contingency costs 应急费用

# Some inputs to a cost estimate 成本估算的一些输入

p. 242

• Project scope document
  项目范围文件
• WBS
  工作组
• WBS dictionary
  工作组字典
• Risk register
  风险登记册

# Types of estimates 估算类型

p. 244

• Analogous estimating (just like something else)
  类比估计（就像其他东西一样）
• Parametric estimating (using statistical software tools)
  参数估计（使用统计软件工具）
• Bottom-up estimating (totaling the estimates from the work package or activities)
  自下而上的估算（对工作包或活动的估算合计）

# Three Point Estimating 三点估计

p. 244

• Most likely “cM”
  最有可能的：cM

• Optimistic “cO”
  乐观的：cO

• Pessimistic “cP”
  悲观的：cP

• Triangular : $(cO + cM + cP)/3$
  三角

• Beta distribution: $(cO + 4cM + cP)/6$
  Beta 分布

# Contingency Reserves 应急准备金

(p. 702)… identified risks with active responses identified.
确定了风险，并确定了积极应对措施。

(p. 710) management reserves are for work that is unforeseen, but within the scope of the project.
管理储备金是用于无法预料但在项目范围内的工作。

# Cost of Quality (huge) 质量成本（巨大）

p. 245

• Investment to achieve conformance
  为实现一致性而进行的投资
• Cost of nonconformance (clean up etc.)
  不符合项的成本（清理等）
• Cost of more problems later by making more defective products now.
  现在通过制造更多有缺陷的产品，来解决更多问题的成本。

# Basis of Estimates – supporting detail 估计依据–辅助说明

p. 247

• Basis of the estimates
  估计依据
• Assumptions
  假设条件
• Known constraints
  已知约束
• Risks included in estimates
  估算中包含的风险
• Accuracy range
  精度范围
• General confidence level
  一般置信度

# Determine Budget 确定预算

p. 248

What it is 这是什么

The process of aggregating the estimated costs of individual activities or work packages to establish and authorized cost baseline.
汇总各个活动或工作包的估计成本以建立和授权成本基准的过程。

The Benefit is 好处是

determines the cost baseline against which project performance can be monitored and controlled.
确定可以监控和控制项目绩效的成本基准。

# Control Costs

p. 257

What it is 这是什么

The process of monitoring the status of the project to update the project costs and managing changes to the cost baseline.
监视项目状态以更新项目成本并管理对成本基准的更改的过程。

The Benefit is 好处是

the cost baseline is maintained throughout the project.
在整个项目中都保持了成本基准。

# Project cost controls include 项目成本控制包括

P. 259

• Influencing the factors that create changes to the authorized cost baseline
  影响对授权成本基准进行更改的因素
• Ensuring that all change requests are acted on in a timely manner
  确保及时执行所有变更请求
• Managing actual changes as they occur
  在发生实际变化时进行管理
• Ensuring budget for given time period is not exceeded.
  确保不超过给定时间段的预算。
• Preventing unapproved changes
  防止未经批准的更改
• Preventing people not on your project from charging to your project
  防止不在您项目中的人向您的项目收费
• Bringing cost overruns back within tolerance levels.
  使成本超支回到容忍水平之内。

# Earned Value Management

# EVM General Ideas

p. 261

Planned Value (PV) 计划值

is the authorized budget assigned to the project for an activity. Same as Budget at Completion (BAC)
是分配给活动的项目的授权预算。与完成时的预算（BAC）相同

Earned Value (EV) 挣值

is a measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorized for that work. This is the actual completed work.
是一项工作量度，以该工作的授权预算表示。这是实际完成的工作。

Actual Cost (AC) 实际成本

is the realized cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time period.
是在特定时间段内为一项活动执行的工作所产生的已实现成本。

# Example

# The Plan

We have been contracted to fix storm damage, on a small part of the great wall of China, in 6 days. The plan is:
我们已签约在六天内修复中国长城一小部分的风暴破坏。该计划是：

• Use 600 bricks
  用 600 块砖
• 100 bricks/day
  100 块 / 天
• Budgeted cost per brick = $2.90
  每块砖的预算成本 = 2.90 美元
• Total budget $1,740 (this is the product of 600 * $2.90) 总预算$ 1,740（这是 600 * $ 2.90 的乘积）

Comment: PV vs. BAC
“Total planned value (PV) for the project is also known as budget at completion (BAC).” (PMBOK p. 261 6th ed.)
“该项目的总计划价值（PV）也称为竣工预算（BAC）。”

# Assume after day 1…

假设第一天之后…

• 70 bricks were laid
  砌了 70 块砖
• Actual cost to date is $350
  迄今为止的实际成本是 350 美元

So…

• Earned Value (EV) = 70 bricks * $2.90 = $203.00
  挣值（EV）= 70 砖 * $ 2.90 = $ 203.00

• Planned Value (PV)= 100 bricks per day @ $2.90= 100 * $2.90=$290.00
  计划价值（PV）= 每天 100 块砖 @ $ 2.90 = 100 * $ 2.90 = $ 290.00

• Actual cost (AC) = $350 (given)
  实际费用（AC）= $ 350（给定）

# Variances 差异

• Cost variance (CV) = EV – AC = $203 - $350 = -$147
  成本差异（CV）= EV – AC = $ 203-$ 350 =-$ 147

• Schedule variance (SV)= EV - PV = $203 - $290 = -$87
  进度差异（SV）= EV - PV = $ 203-$ 290 =-$87

So, after day 1 we are behind $147 on cost (negative), and behind $87 on schedule (negative). This is bad news on both areas.
因此，在第 1 天之后，我们的费用落后了 147 美元（负值），而时间表则落后了 87 美元（负值）。这对两个方面都是坏消息。

• Per PMBOK CV = Budget deficit or surplus at a given point
  每个 PMBOK CV = 给定点的预算赤字或盈余

• SV = Amount of ahead or behind vs. planned delivery date.
  SV = 提前量或滞后量与计划的交付日期之间的差额。

# Performance Indexes… 绩效指标…

• CPI = EV/AC => 203/350 => .58
• SPI = EV/PV => 203/290 => .7

PMBOK

• Cost performance index (CPI)= A measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources (CPI <1 is bad)
  成本绩效指数（CPI）= 预算资源成本效率的度量（CPI <1 不好）

• Schedule performance index (SPI)= a measure of schedule efficiency (SPI < 1 = bad)
  进度表性能指数（SPI）= 进度表效率的度量标准（SPI <1 = 不良）

# Summary EVM

• Actual cost = cost spent to date (given)
  实际费用 = 迄今为止已花费的费用（已给定）
• PV = Budget at Completion (BAC) = The original budget for the entire effort (given)
  PV = 完成预算（BAC）= 整个工作的原始预算（已给定）
• Earned value = EV = Actual units of work completed * (cost per unit)
  挣值 = EV = 已完成的实际工作量 *（单位成本）
• EV continued “actual units of work completed,” and cost-per-unit are given in the problem
  EV 继续提供 “已完成的实际工作单位” 和问题中的单位成本
• EV = Measure of work performed expressed in terms of budget authorized for that work
  EV = 用已授权工作预算表示的已完成工作量度
• Planned value = PV = Planned units of work for an activity * (cost/unit)
  计划值 = PV = 活动的计划工作单位 *（成本 / 单位）
• PV= How much work should be completed as of today.
  PV = 截至今天应完成多少工作。
• Cost Variance (CV)= EV – AC (negative = bad)
  成本差异（CV）= EV – AC（负 = 差）
• CV = Budget deficit or surplus at a given point
  CV = 给定点的预算赤字或盈余
• Schedule Variance (SV) = EV – PV (negative = bad)
  排期差异（SV）= EV – PV（负 = 差）
• SV = A measure of schedule performance
  SV = 进度绩效的量度
• Cost Performance Index (CPI) = EV/AC (< 1 = bad)
  成本效益指数（CPI）= EV / AC（<1 = 差）
• CPI = A measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources
  CPI = 预算资源成本效率的一种度量
• Schedule Performance Index (SPI) = EV/PV (< 1 = bad)
  进度绩效指数（SPI）= EV / PV（<1 = 不良）
• SPI = a measure of schedule efficiency
  SPI = 进度效率的量度

Present Value Video 现值视频

Net Present Value Video (NPV) 净现值视频